Franklin Essay - 1455 Words

Can some man arrive at moral perfection in this life, or is it impossible? Benjamin Franklin was an extremely brilliant and talented individual. He constantly sought ways to improve himself. After he read â€Å"The Spectator† he put in a very dedicated effort to imitate their style of writing because he loved how precise the authors wrote out their thoughts. Franklin was also a relatively religious man or at least believed enough to try to be a morally righteous man so that he would avoid his way into hell. Through these beliefs and virtues Franklin created a plan to achieve moral perfection. Although finding the task somewhat more difficult than he first imagined he stayed with his convictions and deduced thirteen virtues to improve upon and†¦show more content†¦Temperance, for example, was by some confin’d to eating and drinking, while by others it was extended to mean the moderating every other pleasure, appetite, inclination or passion, bodily or mental, ev en to our avarice and ambition.† (BF, p67). This was the problem that Franklin came across in his studies on virtues. This problem also eventually lead him to create a list of what he deemed were the most important virtues that man should strive to improve upon in life to reach moral perfection. The list was much shorter and more specific than anything he read in his studies. The list goes as follows: Temperance (eat not to dullness. Drink not to elation), Silence (speak not but what may benefit others or yourself. Avoid trifling conversation), Order (let all your things have their places. Let each part or your business have its time), Resolution (resolve to perform what you ought. Perform without fail what you resolve), Frugality (make no expense but to do good to others or yourself, waste nothing), Industry (lose no time, be always employed in something useful, cut off all unnecessary actions), Sincerity (use no hurtful deceit, think innocently and justly; and, if you speak; speak accordingly), Justice (wrong none, by doing injuries or omitting the benefits that your duty), Moderation (avoid extremes, forbear resenting injuries so much as you think the deserve), Cleanliness (tolerate no uncleanness in body, clothes or habitation), Tranquility (be notShow MoreRelatedThe Benjamin Franklin1357 Words   |  5 PagesBenjamin Franklin In our American history many figures have left their mark, and are remembered still today. Benjamin Franklin was as famous as any president, but yet never elected to public office. He was one of the nation’s revolutionary founding fathers of all time. Benjamin Franklin was a respected hero of America of many talents and accomplishments. First of all, Benjamin Franklin was born at Boston in 1706. He was the tenth sibling in the family. He was the son of a soap and candle maker.Read More Ben Franklin Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesBen Franklin Benjamin Franklin was one of the most influential people in American history. Franklin was born on January 17, 1706, in a small town in Boston. Benjamin was one of ten children. His father, Josiah was a candle and soap maker, and his mother Abiah Folger was a homemaker. When Benjamin was only twelve years old he signed his identures so that he could apprentice under his brother, working at a printing press. Here he worked for his brother James for over nine years. BenjaminRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin1367 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Matheny HIST 2020 A.P. 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Franklin’s involvement in community projects in Philadelphia was very important to him and reflected his idea of the virtuousRead MoreBenjamin Franklin Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Susanna Dey 19 November 2011 Benjamin Franklin Say the name Benjamin Franklin and you may picture a chubby man with spectacles holding a kite during a lightening storm. Perhaps you picture him a older man with spectacles propped up on his nose standing in a great room full of distinguished gentlemen signing the Declaration of Independence. Both of these facts about Benjamin Franklins life would be true. However, there was so much more to Mr. Franklin. He was a diplomat, a statesman, a scientistRead More Benjamin Franklin Essay1954 Words   |  8 Pages Benjamin Franklin-Scientist and Inventor Benjamin Franklin has influenced American technology, and indirectly, lifestyles by using his proficiencies and intelligence to conduct numerous experiments, arrive at theories, and produce several inventions. Franklins scientific and analytical mind enabled him to generate many long lasting achievements which contributed to the development and refinement of modern technology. Few national heroes, including George Washington and ThomasRead More Benjamin Franklin Essay990 Words   |  4 Pages Benjamin Franklin nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Benjamin Franklin was a remarkably talented man. He started his career as a simple printer apprentice, but went far beyond the printers shop. He developed products that were far beyond the time. The Franklin stove for example, for cold winter nights and bifocal lenses for reading. Franklin tracked storm paths to help understand the wicked weather endured by the colonies. His study of electricity made him most famous for he was known around the worldRead MoreEssay on ben franklin635 Words   |  3 Pages Ben Franklin Ben Franklin became famous for being a scientist, an inventor, a statesman, a printer, a philosopher, and a librarian. Today, we honor Ben Franklin as one of the men who founded America and as one of Americas greatest citizens. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Though Ben only had one year of schooling he was educated and loved to read and write. He worked as an apprentice to his brother, James, who wasRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin529 Words   |  3 PagesThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin by Benjamin Franklin has many things, but maybe more than anything else about Benjamin Franklin it explains about him being a politician, and there is no more reason to look out for an unbiased autobiography from Franklin than from any other politician. This Franklin is a persona, a conscious literary creation bestowed for our contention One of Franklin’s virtues is humbleness, and his humbleness comes out in the form of his book. His narrative is extremelyRead MoreThe Birth Of Benjamin Franklin1014 Words   |  5 PagesIn January of 1706 the future of America was changed forever with the birth of Benjamin Franklin. Born in Boston, Massachusetts Ben was the son of Josiah Franklin and Abiah Folger, Ben was the youngest son of 17 children. Josiah was a soap maker and he wanted Benjamin to enter the clergy. Ben went to South Grammar School where he excelled, he even skipped a grade. Unfortunately with such a large family, Josiah was unable to afford the education that it took to become a clergyman. Ben only had the

A STUDY ON THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Free Essays

string(119) " affairss and get scientific accomplishments, attitudes, and values necessary to analyse and work out day-to-day jobs\." The model presented in Fig. 1 below, provides the anchor by which constructs of this survey flow. The mark respondents are the chemical science instructors of Sarangani Division. We will write a custom essay sample on A STUDY ON THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE or any similar topic only for you Order Now The survey will measure their public presentation degree and learning competency in position of the undermentioned parametric quantities: cognition of the different chemical science content in a diagnostic trial in relation to their self-assessment in the NCBTS-TSNA Toolkit under sphere 4 – course of study and their over-all instruction competency as described in all other spheres of the NCBTS-TSNA Toolkit. An intercession plan by manner of instructors ‘ preparation shall be prepared by the research worker based on the identified least erudite competences and least scored points in the NCBTS-TSNA Toolkit, capable to the acceptableness of the respondents. The proposed preparation plan will enable chemical science instructors to eliminate or at least minimise some misconceptions in chemical science and derive better apprehension of some hard constructs in chemical science. Likewise, the proposed preparation plan shall incorporate diverse instruction accomplishments and schemes to turn to the demands of different types of scholars. B. Review of Related Literature Related articles and findings from other surveies are included herein to give the research worker penetrations therefore, supplying a stronger footing by which to prosecute this probe. B.1 Repertoire of Knowledge and Skills for Effective Teaching Khine, Lourdsamy, Lang and Wong ( 2005 ) province that heightening cognition of ego as a instructor can be achieved through figure of attacks as presented below: Knowledge of Self Knowledge is increasing quickly. How adequately a instructor shows betterment is a step of learning quality. A instructor must put in womb-to-tomb acquisition through preparations, accomplishments development and personal upgrading. Mr. Goh Chok Tong ( 1998 ) , former Prime Minister of Singapore said: â€Å" We must do larning a national civilization†¦ We must put up comprehensive mechanisms to continually retrain our work force and promote every person to prosecute in acquisition as a affair of necessity†¦ instructors and principals will invariably look out for new thoughts and patterns, and continually review their ain cognition. Teaching will itself be a learning profession like any other knowledge-based profession of the hereafter † . Self-evaluation and re-evaluation with respects to a instructor ‘s over-all growing and dignity is an of import tool in cognizing oneself. Believing in one ‘s value, endowments and dignity will gain self-pride, which in bend enables a instructor to associate with others. A instructor must besides sporadically assess his/her ain attitude which can impact his/her perceptual experiences in associating with others. Peers and pupils appraisal can besides supply some objectiveness to complement one ‘s appraisal of ego. The mentor-mentee strategy can assist to heighten ego. A wise man provides the line of life to new instructors â€Å" tossed in disruptive H2O † of an unsure environment. Mentors provide non judgemental feedback and the â€Å" modelling consequence † . Knowledge of procedures A instructor must be a brooding practician. In reflecting, the instructor expression inwards to measure ain learning behavior, discover new thoughts and see how certain patterns can interpret into ain instruction to better public presentation. Knowledge on job resolution is besides of import as the school environment invariably presents jobs to be solved. Knowing the job work outing procedure will bring forth alternate solutions. Research on the other manus, provides sound principle to a scope of options of the best instruction patterns. The cognition of hunt procedures will link the instructor to the most current stuffs to the best usage of the scholars. Knowledge of Content Content is indispensable and a dynamic cognition. For a instructor to learn the topic good he or she needs to hold an apprehension of an extended and updated cognition, be able to ground the cognition with mundane application and be prepared to reply all sorts of inquiries relevant to what he or she teaches. Delivery of the coveted content and accomplishments in scientific discipline to the scholars greatly depend on how much a peculiar scientific discipline instructor have in shop for them, e.g. educational background, major country of specialisation, related preparations and learning experience. Though, the set of coveted larning competences provide instructors with way, it is wide in range and can be interpreted in different ways depending on the instructor ‘s background and experience. A instructor must hold the right cognition of the different contents and accomplishments in the BEC competence before he/she can precisely interpret it to the scholars. The broad range of scientific discipline demands that instructors must possess the specific cognition and accomplishments of a peculiar subdivision of scientific discipline and non from related background and experience. Physicss, Chemistry and Biology instructors should non merely be one page in front of their pupils ; neverthele ss, they should be experts, because that is what the scholars expect them to be. Knowledge of Teaching Pedagogy Teaching for better acquisition is about how to learn efficaciously. The procedure is associated with footings like, instructional schemes, learning cognition, learning schemes, learning methods, learning rules or learning theoretical accounts. Teaching for thought is a determination doing procedure of doing significances. The thought procedure is associated with the undermentioned footings: analytical thought, analogical thought, brooding thought, critical thought, originative thought, inductive thought and sidelong thought. Though, there are different footings for believing but there is a common yarn through them ; it is a procedure with three components- operations, cognition, and temperaments. Knowledge of Students and Their acquisition Manners An facet of individualism crucial to pedagogical determinations is â€Å" learning manners † or penchants. It sets accent on how pupils learn and non on what they learn. Prior to instruction, the instructor must happen out how pupils learn through interviews, insouciant interactions, pupils ‘ personal profile and learning manner diagnosing. Lack of Qualified Chemistry Teachers Science and Technology III ( Chemistry ) , in the visible radiation of 2002 Basic Education Curriculum aims to assist the Filipino scholars ‘ addition a functional apprehension of scientific constructs and rules linked with existent life state of affairss and get scientific accomplishments, attitudes, and values necessary to analyse and work out day-to-day jobs. You read "A STUDY ON THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE" in category "Essay examples" The aims of the scientific discipline plan focal point on conceptual apprehension, acquisition of scientific discipline procedures or believing accomplishments, peculiarly critical and originative thought accomplishments and development of scientific values and attitudes. Therefore, scientific discipline instructors must every bit posses the same conceptual apprehension and competency because it is through them that the ends and aims of the section instruction are being carried out. They are the ultimate agencies to recognize the visions of instruction. Nevertheless, based on the latest survey ( DOST-SEI, 2005 ) and ( DEPED, 2006 ) the Numberss of instructors learning scientific discipline and mathematics with no background have exceeded the figure of those with background by 14,153 ( Ogena, Ester, 2006 ) . This survey shows excessively many unqualified scientific discipline instructors in the section of instruction. Therefore, consequences of the National Diagnostic Test administered to high school pupils in 2002 and 2003 are no surprising. It shows that merely 10 % of pupils in scientific discipline passed the competence degree. Likewise the consequences of the Trends in Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS, 2003 ) show that the national Mathematics and Science average tonss in 1999 and 2003 were really much lower than the international mean mark ( bottom 25 % of pupils ) ; and, one of the recommended solutions given by TIMSS was teacher preparation. Harmonizing to Ibe and Ogena ( 1998 ) , teacher instruction does non pull the best or the extremely intellectually capable high school alumnuss. It is the least expensive plan that is accessible to the center and low income households that desires higher instruction for their kids. This generalisation resulted from a survey conducted by Ibe ( 1979 ) , that more pupils from the lower 30 percentiles expressed penchant for teacher instruction. This is because, instruction plan particularly for non scientific discipline big leagues are least expensive and requires less laboratory fees. However, when they will fall in the instruction profession, these instructors will be forced to learn scientific discipline when there is no available scientific discipline instructor to learn the topic. Proficiency in the English linguistic communication is another larning barrier on the portion of pupils every bit good as instructors. Science text editions are written in English, category instructions are made in English, yet instructors possibly fluid English talkers but doing usage of the native speech pattern. In 1925, one important happening made by the Philippine Education System was that, Filipino kids were two and a half old ages behind than American kids in reading accomplishments. This spread is merely apprehensible because, to the Americans English is their native linguistic communication while for the Filipinos, it is their 2nd linguistic communication ( Gonzales, 2004 ) . English linguistic communication is taught by Filipino instructors who every bit good are non self-generated English talkers. Using right American speech pattern affairs because the significance of the word differs with how it is being pronounced. Smithers and Robinsons ( 2005 ) said that rich states like USA and Canada are besides sing great trouble in pulling their ain race to acquire into chemical science and natural philosophies learning. They besides experience serious deficit of competent chemical science and natural philosophies instructors and because of this ; they recruit instructors from the Philippines offering attractive wages and other benefits ; and who can decline this really luring offer? Hence, best instructors in chemical science and natural philosophies are traveling out of the state in seek for greener grazing land. What is the deduction of all these studies to the educational system of the state? This leaves no pick for the section of instruction than to let misfits to learn chemical science and natural philosophies particularly in far flung countries. The BEC Learning Competences The prescribed acquisition competences present the set of coveted learning ends peculiarly in chemical science by which instructors shall stay and construction their lessons consequently. Chemistry is a wide topic and encompasses different countries of specialisations. Below are two sets of competences in Chemistry- BEC and the CEM competences by which their diagnostic scrutiny shall be based. Both competences designed for high school chemical science are classified as General Chemistry. Therefore, they include basic subjects appropriate for the degree of apprehension of high school pupils that will fix them for third instruction. BEC Learning Competency The 2002 Basic Education Curriculum ( BEC ) of the Department of Education lays down the undermentioned coveted larning ends: Introduction to chemistry – scholars are expected to appreciate the importance of chemical science, appreciate the accomplishments of Filipino and foreign chemists, appreciate and understand the usage of different research lab setup and demonstrate apprehension on the mathematical constructs of chemical science. Classifying Matter – the scholars are expected to show accomplishments in placing chemical systems demonstrate understanding on the elements and compounds present in day-to-day life and show cognition of simple techniques in preparing, dividing and sublimating affair. Solutions – pupils shall be able to understand the solution procedure and its relation to energy alterations and molecular interaction, place types of solutions, relate colligative belongingss of solutions, be able to work out jobs in relation to concentration of solutions and associate solutions to the natural environment. Colloids- Students are expected to show apprehension on the belongingss and utilizations of colloids and its importance in day-to-day life. Gases- Learners shall show apprehension on the belongingss and behavior of gases in relation to different gas Torahs and equations, show job work outing accomplishments utilizing mathematical equations and associate gas Torahs and rules involved in some engineerings. Inside the Atom – this chapter speaks about the parts of early scientists in the development of the atomic theory, demonstrate understanding on the construction of the atom and appreciate how these subatomic atoms and radiation are used in engineering peculiarly in medical specialty. Order Among Elementss – the scholars are expected to show apprehension of the belongingss of elements in relation to their places or locations in the periodic tabular array, and appreciate the importance of cognizing the elements and how they are used in engineering. Neckties That Chemically Bind – pupils shall be able to understand how atoms combine, place the types of chemical bond and associate the belongingss and utilizations of compounds with the type of chemical bond. Changes In Matter – appreciate the practical of phase/chemical alterations, demonstrate apprehension of the Torahs regulating alterations, and show the ability to utilize symbols, expressions and chemical equations in explicating chemical reactions. Change, Energy and Time – demonstrate apprehension of how chemical reactions occur and appreciate the importance of commanding rates of reactions in engineering. The CEM Learning Competences A A The competences designed by the Center for Educational Measurement contains precisely the same in footings of content with the BEC version but in different agreement. For chemical science, the undermentioned competences are enumerated below: Introduction to Chemistry: Demonstrates knowledge and apprehension of constructs: discusses scientific method ; determines figure of important figures ; makes temperature transitions ; enumerates safety safeguards in the lab ; distinguishes: substances/mixtures, homogeneous/heterogeneous systems, physical/chemical alterations, exothermic/endothermic reactions, and heat/temperature. Symbols, Formulas, and Equations: Demonstrates cognition, apprehension, and application of constructs: writes chemical symbols ; balances chemical equations ; translates verbal statements to chemical equations ; uses mole construct to execute mole-mole, mass-mass computations ; solves jobs affecting molar mass/ per centum composing by weight/number of moles given the expression of a substance. Phases of Matter: Demonstrates cognition, apprehension, and application of constructs: describes/compares the belongingss of the provinces of affair ; states the Kinetic Molecular Theory, composing of the ambiance, and the map of a calorimeter ; solves jobs affecting the gas Torahs ; describes the relationship between temperature and vapor force per unit area. The Atom: Demonstrates cognition, apprehension, and application of constructs: observes electrical nature of affair ; infers the footing of agreement of elements in the periodic tabular array ; predicts the group figure of elements utilizing figure of valency negatrons ; determines electronic constellations ; interprets from a tabular array the relationship between atomic mass and comparative copiousness of isotopes. Chemical Bonding: Demonstrates cognition, apprehension, and application of constructs: provinces and explains formation of covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds ; determines oxidation figure of elements in a compound ; relates molecular form, mutual opposition, intermolecular forces of attractive force, and boiling points of molecules to each other. Types of Chemical Chemical reactions: Demonstrates cognition and apprehension of constructs: names/identifies four general types of chemical reactions ; identifies reactants and merchandises of a reaction ; uses the activity series of elements to find whether a individual supplanting reaction will continue as written. The Chemistry of Solutions: Demonstrates cognition and apprehension of the constructs: describes the nature/types of solutions ; identifies solute and solvent ; identifies saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions ; calculates solution concentrations ; defines/explains solubility and the factors impacting it ; states colligative belongingss of solutions. Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium: Demonstrates cognition and apprehension of the constructs: defines dynamicss and rates of chemical reactions, identifies and explains factors impacting rates of reactions ; differentiates organic and inorganic accelerators ; explains how a chemical reaction occurs ; defines and explains chemical equilibrium and what a reversible reaction is. Ions and Equilibrium: Acids and Bases: Demonstrates cognition and apprehension of constructs: defines and gives illustrations of acids and bases ; explains how pH is related to the sourness of a solution ; explains buffers and buffer solutions and describes maps and restrictions of acid-base indexs. Electrochemistry: Demonstrates cognition, apprehension, and application of constructs: explains oxidization and decrease reactions in footings of addition or loss of negatrons ; describes ways of preventing/controlling redox reactions ; describes and explains electrolytic reactions and applies Faraday ‘s Law of Electrolysis to find provinces of metal/metal ions produced. Carbon and Compounds: Demonstrates knowledge and apprehension of basic constructs: identifies categories of organic compounds with their illustrations ; describes biological procedures for the organic structure to utilize energy from saccharides, fats, and proteins. ( http: //www.cem-inc.org.ph ) . Comparing between two sets of competences – BEC and CEM, both contains precisely the same subjects as of the first seven competences but the latter become more advanced in the following four subjects. Nevertheless, a specialist chemical science instructor is expected to be more knowing than his or her scholars. These advanced chemical science content countries will supply background information for the instructor as he or she must understand the constructs good so that he or she can efficaciously leave these constructs to the scholars. B.2 National Competency-Based Teacher ‘s Standard ( NCBTS ) The National Competency-Based Teacher Standard ( NCBTS ) is an incorporate theoretical model that defines the different dimensions of effectual instruction in all facets of a instructor ‘s professional life and in all stages of instructor development. This is an outgrowth of the Basic Reform Agenda ( BESRA ) of the Department of Education, under Key Reform Thrust 2- Training and Development. BESRA, is a reform enterprise of the section to supply basic competences to everyone to accomplish functional literacy for all Filipinos, in support to EFA which means, â€Å" Education For All † ; a planetary motion led by UNESCO to achieve functional literacy by 2015. The NCBTS -TSNA Toolkit is a revised version of the NCBTS which will enable instructors to find their strengths and failings in relation to the set of criterions that defines the general competency of a instructor. This toolkit is composed of 270 cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes ( KSA ) points, under 80 indexs, 3 strands and seven NCBTS spheres. Therefore, the instructor will sporadically measure his learning public presentation thru this toolkit in order to continuously better and raise his/her learning competency towards criterion. Least scored points in the toolkit shall besides function as footing of the Department of Education to include these points in their INSET. Thus, the undermentioned spheres wholly describe an effectual and efficient instructor in the section of instruction, as follows: Sphere 1 – Social Regard for Learning This is composed of two bases and five indexs of cognition, accomplishments and attitudes depicting the instructor as function theoretical account to the scholars. Thus the instructor demonstrates the undermentioned indexs: attachment to school policies and ordinances, promptness, appropriate visual aspect and behavior. Sphere 2 – Learning Environment This is consist of 5 strands and 17 indexs that describes the ability of the instructor to make a favourable physical and societal environment where pupils are respected, irrespective of gender, faith, socio-economic background, ethnicity, and where pupils are safe and acquisition is contributing given the physical environment. It besides describes the ability of the instructor to make a societal clime where pupils actively engage in larning activities without bias and fright. Sphere 3 – Diverseness of Learners This sphere is described by the instructor ‘s ability to determines, understands, and accepts the scholars ‘ diverse background and experiences. This entails his or capableness to choose larning activities suited to the different types of scholars. Sphere 4 – Course of study Sphere 4 is focused on command of content and learning teaching method. Therefore, the instructor is expected to present accurate and updated content cognition to the scholars with appropriate methodological analysiss, attacks and schemes suited to the different types and intelligences of scholars. The instructor is besides viewed to posses ‘ linguistic communication literacy accomplishments, pass oning clearly to the apprehensible degree of scholars. Similarly, this besides refers to the instructor ‘s ability to make and utilize teaching stuffs peculiarly in the usage of information and communicating engineering in learning and acquisition. Sphere 5 – Planning, Assessing and Reporting This sphere measures the capacity of the instructor to develop and implement instructional programs, the usage of a assortment of appropriate appraisal schemes to better the teaching-learning procedure. Domain 6 -Community Linkages The instructor is able to do lessons and teaching-learning activities relevant to the experiences, values, and aspirations of the community. The instructor demonstrates involvement in community projects that promote acquisition. Sphere 7 – Personal Growth and Professional Development This is the last sphere which speaks about the self-respect of the instruction profession and his or her professional growing and development. The instructor should continue the self-respect of the learning profession by puting the highest criterion of ethical and moral values and ever seeks uninterrupted betterment in his or her teaching calling ( NCBTS-TSNA Toolkit, Department of Education, TEDP, TWG ) . B.3 Teaching Competence thru NCBTS and Performance thru Diagnostic Test The National Competency-Based Teachers Standard ( NCBTS ) is the instructor ‘s development usher towards personal and professional growing. It is a self-assessment usher that helps instructors place their professional and developing demands every bit good as their single strengths in line with the seven spheres of the National Competency-Based Teachers Standard ( NCBTS ) and as summarized in the Teacher Strengths and Needs ( TSNA ) Toolkit. This NCBTS-TSNA Toolkit is a modified version of the National Competency-Based Teacher ‘s Standard initiated by Project BEAM which is more localised, comprehendible to the degree of instructors, and most of all, quantitative. This modified toolkit is designed to assist instructors find their professional development and preparation demands. However, the informations derived from this toolkit shall non be used to rate them ; instead, they will give accurate information about the instructor ‘s competences in the undermentioned sphe res and strands so that, appropriate intercessions on the portion of the instructor and the direction shall be effected to assist instructors in their professional growing and development. However, instructors may hold the inclination to over rate themselves in some of the points because of adult male ‘s unconditioned inclination to â€Å" self-preservation † ( Freud Sigmund, 1910 ) . The term self-preservation in its simplest term describes both the set of behaviours by which persons attempt to continue their ain being and the physical procedures that set up these behaviours. Hence, the inclination of non seeing their failings can besides be supported by the cognitive-psychological trial created by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1995 in the United States. This is known as the â€Å" Johari Window † . In this theory, it is said that there are unsighted musca volitanss in some countries of adult male ‘s life that is non known to self but are known to others. To sum it all, the NCBTS-TSNA toolkit may non be an effectual tool towards instructors ‘ personal and professional development if it is left entirely to the instructor to see his or her ain strengths and failings. As most instructors tend to rate themselves maximum in footings of content and teaching method, but their existent public presentation in an administered and standardised trial will state the truth about their content competence peculiarly for chemical science instructors in the division of Sarangani Province. Therefore, this survey will be best achieved if consequences of the instructors ‘ diagnostic trial will be correlated with their NCBTS-TSNA tonss particularly in content and teaching method. B.4 Training Program In-Service Trainings ( INSET ) are frequently given to instructors before the gap of categories to fix instructors for the coming school twelvemonth. However, most in-service preparations are done in mass, non capable specific but instead a combination of learning schemes and managerial or supervisory attacks. Therefore, a good preparation plan to reply specific jobs re- chemical science content and teaching method may cover the undermentioned countries: Chemistry Content Misconceptions in some hard constructs are the most common mistake committed by non specialist chemical science instructors or if non, escaped by some. Teaching method Teaching teaching method involves the schemes or methodological analysiss of learning and how instructors deliver the goods to the scholars. Thus, some of the subjects may include the undermentioned: oppugning technique, trial building, and synergistic acquisition activities. The Art of Questioning Effective instructors are able to carry on direction that keeps pupils actively involved in the lesson. The best instructors are skilled in oppugning, in assisting pupils come to a clear apprehension of the content, and in supervising apprehension ( Cruickshank, Jenkins, Metcaff, 2006 ) . The most effectual instructors set up and keep extremely synergistic classrooms- schoolrooms characterized by student-student and teacher-student duologue instead than merely, teacher talk ( Feden, 1994 ; Lock and Priggue, 2002 ; Marzano, 2002 ) . Bellon, Bellon, and Black ( 1992 ) province that oppugning is the instructional procedure that is cardinal to verbal interaction in the schoolroom. The inquiry instructors ask service as the interface between instructor ‘s outlooks and pupils ‘ response. This interface in synergistic instruction is critical because it shifts the focal point from the instructor to the pupils. Effective inquiries require pupils to actively process information and compose an reply. Good inquiries addition pupils battles, raise the degree of ideas, aid pupils form their ideas, guide pupils more successfully through academic undertakings and let instructor to supervise understanding and provide feedback. In spite the obvious value of good inquiries, it appears that instructors rarely use inquiries every bit efficaciously as they could ( Alexander, Jetton, A ; Kulikowich, 1994 ; Orstein and Lastery, 2000 ) . Most instructors ‘ oppugning spiels includes giving information that unneeded or confusing, presenting more than one inquiry at a clip, or neglecting to stipulate the nature of the expected reply ( Sigel, 1990 ; Traver, 1998 ) . Good and Brophy ( 2000 ) reviewed research on oppugning and concluded that pupils learn more when instructors ask frequent inquiries and include a assortment of inquiries in their lessons. Wilen and Clegy ( 1986 ) besides reported that instructor inquiring is besides related to increase accomplishments among pupils. Further, research on oppugning suggests that instructor ‘s usage of higher order inquiries promotes higher order believing accomplishments. Good and Effective Questions If instructors want their inquiring to be effectual, they must be certain to give voice their inquiries clearly and briefly. Too frequently, instructors ask inquiries that are about impossible for pupils to reply accurately. Tayko and Sunga ( 2004 ) said that, for inquiries to be effectual, clear inquiries use natural, unambiguous linguistic communication appropriate to the degree of pupils. They are besides concise, including merely the words, footings and information, pupils used in order to reply the inquiry. They describe the specific points should go to to, but they do non include unneeded words or parenthetical looks. Finally, they are directed towards academic content, or the aims of the lesson. Test Construction â€Å" Do you learn to the trial? † This was the debut made by an unknown writer in the stuff, â€Å" Developing Higher degree Teacher-Made Trials † . The monitoring and rating group during the pilot execution of the 2002 Basic Education Curriculum ( BEC ) found out that instructors were found, so, to â€Å" learn to the trial † , and the pupils â€Å" survey to the trial † . This refers to how instructors constructed their trial inquiries. The studies showed that inquiries like simple callback and acknowledgment which are low degree inquiries are still prevailing. These are types of traditional trials that do non heighten the higher order believing accomplishments of pupils. Higher flat inquiries like analysis, synthesis and rating are hard to build because it requires clip and intelligence to build the inquiry logically. Multiple Choice, though it is among the traditional type of trials, is highly versatile- can mensurate the higher metal procedures. Nev ertheless, building plausible options is a hard thing to make. BEC besides urged instructors to utilize alternate signifiers of appraisal like free response or open ended inquiries, group work, research lab and field observations and many others. The recent tendencies in appraisal do non propose the traditional appraisal technique that instructors had been utilizing through old ages should finally be changed. In fact, these types of trials are normally adopted and are appropriate in periodic and accomplishments trials. Surely, decently constructed multiple pick trials are first-class for expeditiously and objectively measuring cognition of a big content of sphere. What is needed is a balanced attack to assessment, in which appropriate techniques are administered and used in a believable manner for the instructor ‘s determination devising. Just because the appraisal focuses on complex thought accomplishments or uses portfolios does non intend it is better or more believable. The appraisal technique must be matched to aim and must be conducted harmonizing to quality criterions ( McMillan 1997 ) . Hanna and Peggy ( 2004 ) province that, the major ground for blemished trial building pattern is that the sorts of trial inquiries that are easiest to write- be they objectives or essay- step rote cognition, non deep processing. It is natural to take the easy route and to â€Å" zigzag out † points that â€Å" flow easy † . However, if busy instructors do non prosecute in thoughtful preliminary planning refering balance between recall type inquiries and points that tap complex thought, a trial is likely to give more accent than wanted on memory and less on such things as apprehension, thought, and using acquisition to other state of affairss. Teacher as the Facilitator of Learning In the teaching-learning procedure, two critical factors come into play- doctrine of instruction and psychological science of larning that a instructor must subscribe to. The three doctrines of instruction as presented by Beach and Reinhartz, are essentialism, progressivism and existential philosophy. The 2002 Basic Education Curriculum espouses progressivism as its doctrine and adopts the positions of the constructivist theory of larning. The major theoretical point of the constructivist theory of acquisition is that, single scholars generate their ain apprehension. Learners construct sets of outlooks or beliefs about a scope of natural phenomena in the attempt to do sense of their mundane experiences. These beliefs are based on old acquisition and past experiences. From the constructivist position, scientific discipline acquisition means a alteration in thoughts instead than taking in a new thought as a separate, stray entity. When a scholar receives information, he tries to understand it by suiting it into his bing cognitive structure.. ( Josefina L. Pabellon, NISMED, 2002 ) Whole Brain Literacy Approach ( WBL ) WBL or Whole Brain Literacy is an attack to larning proposed by Rizalina Tayko and Corazon Letz, which they described it as the 3rd literacy. It stems from the findings of Dudley Lynch on how the encephalon plants. They defined WBL, which they besides called, â€Å" Plus Competency † , as a reader/learner ‘s ability to use the module of whole encephalon operation in treating information. The encephalon has its parts and specialised maps. When the four quarter-circles of the encephalon connect, interrelate and interact, the encephalon is its functional best. ( Perla Rizalina M. Tayko, et.al, 2005 ) . How does WBL precisely work to heighten the competence of instructors? How would the attack better the competence of the scholars? WBL explores and expands believing larning procedure by utilizing the four quarter-circles of the encephalon in every measure of learning and larning procedure. The aims, the types and degrees of activities of the lesson, the types and degrees of rating and at the terminal of the lesson- all these must embrace the four operation parts so that scholars would be challenge to utilize their whole encephalon module. The envisioned holistic acquisition in the Revised Basic Education Curriculum of the Department of Education, says Tayko in her book, â€Å" Learning to Read, Reading to Learn † , can be facilitated utilizing the WBL scheme. How to cite A STUDY ON THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, Essay examples

The Marketing of Swatch free essay sample

Swatch Group Marketing This paper will discuss the commercial marketing strategy of The Swatch Group, a maker of Swiss watches and jewelry. This paper will dive into the differentiation from competitors, the target market segment and universal appeal of the advertisement. Background Information The Swatch Group is a manufacturer and distributor of watches and other products. The Swatch Group also manufactures mechanical and quartz movements, and is very active in the design, production and marketing of various electronic components.The Swatch Group’s headquarters is located in Biel, Switzerland. The name Swatch was derived from the words ‘Swiss Watch’ (David Michael 1997); it was a catchy phrase that aimed to reinforce the continued accuracy and quality of the Swiss watchmakers. The mission of the company was to bring the Swiss industry of the clocks back to a leader in the watch making market. Swatch was launched in 1983 as a direct response to the Japanese and Hong Kong watch industry which had almost eliminated the Swiss presence with high volume and relatively low market price. We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing of Swatch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The timing for such a product was right – the 1980’s were a time when images changed and new fashion accessories went to make up a new image at an affordable price. Swatch’s target customers were young teens to young adults with a target range of 15-29 years of age. That target strategy is still current and in place today as will be discussed more in depth in coming paragraphs. Advertisement The advertisement in hand is called ‘Colour Codes’ and can be found on you tube.The advertisement was released in 2010 and has a target market of young males and females with an age range of 15-29 years of age. It is geared more toward the trendy side of the market and this is shown by the showing of young adults wearing trendy, colorful and stylish clothing. The advertisement also shows many colorful watches to connect with any outfit and makes it as though owning many of the watch would be the ‘IN† thing which could count towards a lower price point for marketing.Advertisement Analysis The advertisement reaches its target audience directly. By making a lower price point product The Swatch Group is aiming directly at the trendy, party, socially engaging youth. The watches are affordable, trendy, and colorful. The age range of 15-29 can be considered the party type, the socially engaging type and the trendy type. They usually don’t have extra expendable income and are always looking to save money, but be fashionable, at any time.Another point to be made is that although Swatch is known for reliability, these color coded watches are made to seem as though they are durable but if one was to break it, it could easily be replaced since they are so affordable. This is again, a good selling point for the targeted age range. Conclusion The ‘Colour Codes’ advertisement reaches its target audience on more than one note. It shows the watch as being trendy, stylish and affordable. It uses the youth that it is trying to target in the advertisement itself and does it is a way that can be deemed as memorable.

Management system free essay sample

This document describes the high level design for the CHART/EORS Intranet Mapping Application and the CHART Internet Mapping Application. The purpose of this design is to show the high-level technical approach to meeting the requirements defined in system requirements specification. This serves to identify the architecture of the system and high-level interactions between major system components. 1. 2 Objectives Identify and describe the software architecture for the system. Provide high-level approaches to various technical challenges. Provide a guide for future development efforts, such as detailed design and coding. 1. 3 Scope This high level design encompasses the approach for meeting the requirements as defined in the documents CHART/EORS Intranet Mapping System Requirement Specification and CHART Internet Mapping System Requirement Specification. 2. System Architecture 2. 1 Overview The following diagram shows the system architecture used by CHART mapping applications. The system design utilizes web based multi-tier system architecture. The data storage is managed at the data tier by the databases. We will write a custom essay sample on Management system or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The main business logics are hosted in the two applications in the web server. Because mapping is an area that there are many requirements related to client side interactions with the graphic content of the application, application logics are partitioned based on the most appropriate location to execute them. Some are located on the client browsers to provide instantaneous feedback to the user. The general system operation flow involves the following: 1. Data updates from various sources such as the CHART II CORBA events, EORS data inputs, device and event editing modules are stored in the databases. When a mapping application receives a mapping request, it sends the image map generation request to the ArcIMS map server. The ArcIMS server retrieves the map data from the databases and creates a rendering of the map and saves it as a raster image file. The mapping application generates HTML pages embedded with the image and sends it to the browser client. 3. For the CHART Intranet mapping client, the application also generates the dynamic content in VML format, which encodes the device and event information in vector format. This enables the application to update the dynamic data without having to reload the whole map image. This avoids the heavy load on the map server when the application scales up. 4. When the images and VML data arrives at the client browser, the client displays the map to the user. The user can interact with this data on the client. 2. 2 SQL Server and ArcSDE ArcSDE from ESRI allows managing of geographic information in commercial databases such as SQL Server, Oracle, DB2 and Informix. ArcSDE provides functionalities to efficiently store and retrieve spatial information using spatial indexing mechanisms. Managing the spatial servers is the ArcIMS Application Server, which monitors each spatial server’s activity and brokers map requests to the least busy spatial server. The detailed interaction of a map request is as the following: When the ASP. Net page receives a map request, it parses it and uses the ActiveX Connector object model to construct a map request. The connector then sends the map request in ArcXML format to the Application Server. The Application Server then finds the least busy spatial server and forwards the map request to it. The spatial server performs the query against the ArcSDE database, retrieves the data and renders them into a raster image file. The location of the file is then sent back to the connector and the ASP. Net page writes it back to the client as HTML page with the image embedded in it. 2. 4 Web Server (IIS) . Net Framework and ASP. Net The web server hosts and publishes content to the client browser. In the case of the CHART mapping applications, most of the content is dynamic content generated by ASP. Net modules. When IIS recognizes a page being an ASP. Net module (an aspx extension), it passes the request to the . Net Framework to load the module and handle the request. The ASP. Net pages are then loaded into memory and executed. The . Net Framework provides many utilities such as garbage collection, tracing, just-in-time compilation that manages the execution of ASP. Net modules. The ASP. Net page modules are where the CHART mapping application logic is coded. The web server also provides security via the Secured Socket Layer (SSL), allowing interactions between the user’s browser and the web server to be encrypted when necessary. Network Level Security Network layer security will be managed by the network security configurations like firewall and RSA secure ID. 2. 5. 2 Secured Socket Layer (SSL) MDOT has a certificate server to provide digital certificates for the SSL configuration. The server name must remain consistent with the certificate. All links shall use the same server name, otherwise, if the server is referred using an IP address or a local server name, etc. , the user will see an alert indicating the certificate is in-consistent with the resource. IIS supports the configuration of one folder in the web application requiring SSL while other portion does not. The session information remains consistent between SSL portion of the web site and the non-SSL portion. 2. 5. 3 Enterprise User Enters Read-Only View Many of the CHART mapping functionalities are for display and reviewing data, i. e. a read-only view. The design allows enterprise viewers and CHART users to access the read-only portion of the web site without having to input user name and password. This also enables CHART users to reach the viewing area without having to enter their login information again. When system receives a user request to enter the secured area, the system checks whether the current session has been authenticated. If not, system displays login screen. The user shall enter their CHART user name and password. Upon receipt of the user name and password, the system checks it against the CHART II database’s user tables. If they are authenticated, the system stores the user information in the session. The session will be managed in the server until the configured timeout expires. All subsequent requests from the same user session will inherit the same authorization information for the user. 2. 5. 4 CHART User Enters Editing Area Other applications, like future versions of CHART II and CHART Lite, can launch the map editing URL via the HTTPS protocol. The user name and password can be sent via https request. The system verifies their authentication information against the CHART II user database using an OLEDB/ODBC connection. If the authentication information is correct, the system will store this information in the session. The user will be redirected to the map page. If the authentication is rejected, the user request will be redirected to the login screen to reenter the authentication information. Associating a CHART user with an op-center/default map view area: Based on CHART II R1B3 database design, users are not associated with an op-center; rather, the user specifies an op-center during logon. In order to display a default map view area based on an op-center, an external application launching the CHART mapping application will also need to pass in the operation center name to initialize the map to the associated extent. Passing user name and password in URL request: The mapping site shall have a module that verifies the user name and password, then forward the page to the map page, hence avoiding showing the password on URL address box. At the current time, without the full integration with CHART II and CHART Lite, the system will expect plain text user name and password. In the future, an encryption/decryption algorithms agreed between the systems can be added to achieve higher security. 2. 5. 5 EORS Security Currently, the EORS security has not been implemented. EORS functions will be hard-coded with security configuration. 3. Network Configuration The design above depicts CHART network configuration as the Internal network, a Demilitarization Zone (DMZ) network for hosting the web server and connecting out to the external Internet network. There will be two firewalls, one between the Internet and the DMZ network and another one between the DMZ network and the internal network. The map server and database servers are to be hosted in the internal network for maximum security. The initial configuration calls for two physical computers to host the map servers and database servers. In the future, if the system needs to scale up, additional physical servers can be added. The Intranet web server can optionally be hosted on the load-balanced virtual server too. 3. 1. 1 Map Server Load Balancing The design achieves load balancing by a combination of Windows 2000 Advanced Server Network Load Balancing (NLB) Service and the ArcIMS Application Server. The system utilizes two physical server computers. The two servers are configured with NLB. NLB works on the TCP/IP level. Any incoming traffic from web server to the virtual server IP address is load balanced between the two application servers by NLB. ArcIMS Application Server operates at the application level, monitoring each spatial server’s load and operation. When a spatial server is busy, it directs the map request to idling spatial server(s). Each physical map server hosts one ArcIMS Application Server and two ArcIMS Spatial Server instances. An application server failure forces NLB to direct new connections to the remaining application server. When the failed server is recovered, new client connections should once again be shared between the two servers. The two spatial server instances are â€Å"cross registered† to the application servers. As shown in the diagram, Spatial Server A1 and A2 are registered to Application Server B and A correspondingly. This arrangement ensures that when a spatial server is down, the application server can still utilize the spatial server from the other server to serve the map request and the application server continue to function. Also, this configuration also allows ArcIMS to load balance at the Spatial Server level as opposed to just the network traffic level, which is what NLB provides. This configuration can withstand an Application Server failure, a Spatial Server failure, a simultaneous Application/Spatial Server failure or hardware failure of one of the physical map servers. Using two map servers with network load balancing should provide high-availability load balanced ArcIMS web site. 3. 1. 2 Database Load Balancing By running two SQL Server and ArcSDE instances with NLB to balance the load, the system can achieve high availability at the database server layer. The database servers are completely independent and share no hardware components. This type of availability is achievable with the standard edition of SQL Server. The two database servers are setup with Transactional replication. One of the two SQL Servers is configured as the publisher and the other one as a subscriber. All the data modification such as insert, delete and update will be performed on the publisher and changes are replicated to the subscriber. Transactional replication can provide very low latency to Subscribers. Subscribers receiving data using a push subscription usually receive changes from the Publisher within one minute or sooner, provided that the network link and adequate processing resources are available (latency of a few seconds can often be achieved). When the web server and map server requests use the virtual IP address on the load-balanced group of database servers, they are directed to the database server with the least amount of load. If one of the database servers goes down due to hardware failure, NLB detects that this server is down and no longer directs database requests to this machine. The remaining machine handles the database requests and apart from a slight drop in performance the users are unaware that a database server has failed. When the hardware is fixed the offending machine can be brought back online. One limitation exists for this design. It happens when the publisher database is down. In this situation the data updates cannot be committed until the publisher database comes back. But at the same time, all read access from the Internet and Intranet server could still be directed to the secondary server. In the case when the publisher data is going to be down for extended time period, system configuration need to allow system administrator to change the configuration so that the replica will serve as the main database. Compared with clustering solution, this system design provides the maximum database availability and performance benefit. The databases that need to be replicated would include: 1. Background map database. Background map data does not change often. A snapshot replication is sufficient for replicating data updates in one database to the other. 2. CHART/EORS Spatial Database CHART/EORS spatial database stores CHART and EORS device and event information with spatial data. They are dynamically updated throughout the day. Transactional replication will be setup to ensure that data change in one database gets replicated to the other one. 3. SDE metadata. In general, the system can continue to provide access of map and data to both the Internet and Intranet users in the case of failure of any one component in the system. The only exception is that when the publisher database is down, the new data cannot be updated into the system. Users will get delayed information. 3. 1. 3 DMZ Configuration CHART is currently implementing a Demilitarization Zone (DMZ) network to enhance the network security. This entails creating a separate network for the web server computer(s) and separating it from the internal network with a firewall. In an ideal world, the DMZ would have no physical connection to the internal network. This would require two separate map server setups to serve the Internet and Intranet users. The recommended way to implement is to disallow any access from the DMZ to the internal network, but allow access from the internal network to the DMZ. In other words, allow out-bound connections. On each of the ArcIMS server computers, mount a network drive to a shared drive on the Web server. Each ArcIMS spatial server would write the output raster image files to the location on the web server to be delivered to the Internet client browsers. 4. Database Organization To reduce the dependency and operation interference between the spatial data and the attribute data, the EORS spatial database and CHART spatial database will be created as two SQL Server databases. To reduce the performance overhead when joining data between the spatial and attribute data, the EORS spatial database will reside on the same database server(s) as the EORS database. Map Display Mechanism CHART Intranet mapping application requires that changes in event and device data be reflected on all map clients in a near-real-time fashion (within 5 seconds). To do so via the traditional raster map publishing mechanism will result in all clients retrieving updated map every 5 seconds or at least when event/device status update requires a new map to be generated. When there is large number of users of the system, it will result in a high map server load in a concentrated short time period. To resolve this issue, the project team reviewed various technical approaches and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages as the following: 5. 1. 1 Raster (JPEG, GIF or PNG) Image This is a popular approach that utilizes the basic image display functionality of web browsers. It utilizes the server processing power efficiently. The disadvantages are that the images have limited client side intelligence, leaving most of the computation concentrated on the server. It’s capability of handling large number of concurrent map requests is limited. Generally, one map server can support 4-8 requests per second. For CHART’s situation, when an event changes status, if a new map image needs to be generated, it would be about 40 requests per second (200 users at 5 second update interval). Many servers will be required to support the load. With the license fee involved with using GIF format, we will not use GIF for map publishing. Compared with JPG format, PNG graphics do not have the â€Å"bleeding† effect inherent with the JPEG compression algorithm. With the map displaying lines rather than continuous tone images, it is much cleaner. PNG also results in a smaller file, which translates into faster download times for client. The only JPG advantage is server side image generation times. It is recommended to utilize PNG for the Intranet application to produce highest quality images for standardized IE browser while utilizing JPG for the Internet to allow for support of as many browsers as possible. Also, the reduction in image processing time should deliver better web image generation performance. 5. 1. 2 XML Based Vector Graphics 5. 1. 2. 1 Vector Markup Language (VML) VML is a XML based W3C standard in describing vector graphics. Basically, it encodes the vector coordinates of points, lines and polygons in XML format. The support of VML is included in Internet Explorer 5. 0 and later. There is no download needed to display VML encoded vector graphics. It also has built-in support for style sheet and scripting. This makes it possible to modify the display properties and positions of the vector graphics using the JavaScript on the client-side browser. Using this functionality, we can dynamically update the display of devices and events. 5. 1. 2. 2 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) Scalable Vector Graphics is another XML-based W3C standard format for vector graphics. Compared with VML, it requires Java or ActiveX based plug-in to be displayed. Also, based on review of the plug-ins (SVG Viewer by Adobe), there is not as much support for scripting as for VML. 5. 1. 3 ArcIMS Java Viewer ArcIMS includes a Java Viewer, which provides a Java Applet that can be customized to a certain extent to display vector encoded GIS data on the client side. It requires a download to the client. The Java Viewer reads vector data from ArcIMS feature server encoded using an ESRI proprietary compression format, which makes it difficult to implement special features such as WSMS offsetted road networks because they need to be offset dynamically based on map scale. 5. 1. 4 MapObjects Java MapObjects Java from ESRI provides a set of Java-based objects for GIS functionalities. It has an extensive set of functionality that can satisfy the requirements. But, it requires a license fee of $100/seat, or comparable server-based licensing. It also requires a download to client machine to run it. 5. 1. 5 Summary Based on the research above, the project team recommends the following design: Use raster map for background map display (background data with SHA grid map are often large amount of data, suitable for server side processing) Use XML data format to transport the device and event data from server to browser client. Use JavaScript to create and update the VML vector data elements to display the dynamic layers including all the CHART/EORS devices and events. The diagram above illustrates the map display mechanism: 1. Map server reads the spatial data from background database and sends the published map image to the client browser to be displayed as background. 2. Device and event information is broadcasted from the CHART II system in the form of CORBA events. 3. CORBA event listener receives the event broadcast and saves the data into CHART spatial database. 4. CHART/EORS device and event data are published in XML format to the client. Client browser parses the XML into a XML Document Object Model (DOM) using the XML parser. 5. The client browser then iterate through the DOM tree structure and create corresponding VML elements based on the XML device and event data. The VML elements are displayed on the top of the background raster map image. 6. At a pre-configured interval, the browser client retrieves update of device and event data from the IIS server in XML format and update the VML display based on the updated information. Automated Refresh of Device and Event Data CHART/EORS device and event information needs to be updated at a pre-configured interval. They should be updated separate from the background map to reduce the load on the map server. The technical approach to achieve this will be to use a hidden frame to send the request to retrieve updated device and event data and receive the response. The response will package the data in XML file to be parsed into a document object model (DOM) and display the data on map. The request can be to retrieve all data or only retrieve data newer than last retrieval. When the new device/event is received and it requires changing the display of the device/events, the style assignment for the elements can be changed to update the device and event display. The VML elements will be sent using real-world coordinates (Maryland State Plane 1983). After the data has been retrieved to the client side, the VML map layers can be dynamically projected using the â€Å"local coordinate space†. When user zooms or pan the map, the VML will be projected using the updated coordinates to fit the new map extent without going back to the server to retrieve new data set. 5. 3 Inter-Frame Client Script Synchronization The map page has a few frames and the browser loads them asynchronously. Scripts in one frame may call scripts in another frame that may not have been loaded. The approach to resolve this is to add client-side exception handling and verification routine to ensure that the script is called always after the frame is loaded. 5. 4 Assigning and Editing Event Location The dynamic nature of VML elements in the browser allows adding and modifying VML elements by scripting. When the user clicks or drags the mouse on the map, client-side script manages the transformation of screen coordinates and real-world map coordinates. The coordinates are sent back to the server’s secured URL where the information is extracted and saved to the database. 5. 5 Scalability The CHART mapping application serves not only the Intranet users, but also Internet browser clients. During emergency situations, the load on both the Internet and Intranet servers could get extremely high. The system must be able to scale up to serve large amount of users. The technical approach to solve this issue involves two main facets. As described in the network configuration section, the system will employ network load balancing and allows adding additional hardware in the future. The system should also be able to utilize the caching feature of IIS and ASP. Net to scale up without significantly increase hardware investment. ASP. Net allows caching configuration for individual page modules, such as whether the page is cached and how long it is cached. After the application is deployed, these caching settings can be configured on the web pages. For example, if it is determined that the Internet mapping can be up to 3 seconds late, by setting caching time to 3 seconds, all requests from the Internet will receive a cached response without creating additional load on the map and database server. Exception Management and Recovery CHART II keeps its clients updated via a push model using the CORBA Event Service. The Event Service does not guarantee delivery; therefore it is possible for event data to be lost/dropped (although in practice, this is rare). To account for this possibility, the CHART Web Event Listener will refresh its information about the status of devices and traffic events from CHART II at a configurable interval. Also, each time the Event Listener is started, it will retrieve all relevant data from CHART II. Thus, the update model becomes a push model with an occasional pull to be safe. This process will be used to recover from the following situations: 1. The Event Listener was down and did not receive new data from CHART II. 2. CHART II CORBA event(s) occasionally dropped while the Event Listener is up and running. Another likely scenario is that the CHART II server or service(s) restart. After a typical restart, the CORBA Event Service CORBA objects will be recreated with the same characteristics allowing the Event Listener to continue to automatically receive CHART II CORBA events. As the CHART II services will not be processing events during this time, no events are likely to be missed. Therefore, the Event Listener does not need to do anything special to handle a CHART II server or service(s) restart. Sometimes CHART II maintenance will require that new (and different) Event Service CORBA objects be created. This might happen during a CHART II upgrade, for example. In this case, the Event Listener will need to be restarted so that it can pick up the new objects. Since this type of maintenance does not occur often and the Event Listener restarting is fast, the restart can be handled as part of the CHART II upgrade procedures. Integration with ASP Code in EORS and CHART Web Application The CHART Intranet Mapping, replacing the existing EORS mapping application, will still be launched as a separate window by a URL string with a few parameters identifying the district, view type, etc. The impact on EORS web application should be limited to modifying the URL links. The current CHART Internet Mapping site uses â€Å"include† statement to include site navigation pages from upper level CHART web site’s pages. When upgrading Internet Mapping to ASP. Net, â€Å"include† statement is no longer used. Instead, a ServerXMLHTTP request can be formulated to request the text from the included ASP page and merge them into the mapping ASP. Net pages. The limitation of this implementation would be that the ASP. Net application couldn’t share the session and application variables from the ASP application. Currently, there are only a couple of them, such as database connection string. The ASP. Net mapping application will maintain a separate set of application variables. 6. User Interface Design 6. 1 Intranet Map Site User Interface Design Here following is a high-level frame structure for the Intranet mapping site: 1. AppFrame is the highest-level frame that includes all the child frames. On the top of the page, there will be the title frame, which will host the CHART icon. Also inside the title frame will be a group of tabs, such as Traffic, Roadway Weather, Message Sign, etc. 2. ToolsFrame hosts the map navigation and other map related tools. The ToolsFrame will also host menu system that allows the user to bring up data and other detailed information. HiddenFrame will be used to submit and receive information from the server. 4. ContentFrame is further divided to a map frame on the left and a data frame on the right. The user shall be able rearrange the frame boundary to give more space to the map or data area. Data frame will display data as well as legend, layer control and other items when needed. Management system free essay sample Provide a guide for future development efforts, such as detailed design and coding. 1. 3 Scope This high level design encompasses the approach for meeting the requirements as defined in the documents CHART/EORS Intranet Mapping System Requirement Specification and CHART Internet Mapping System Requirement Specification. 2. System Architecture 2. 1 Overview The following diagram shows the system architecture used by CHART mapping applications. The system design utilizes web based multi-tier system architecture. The data storage is managed at the data tier by the databases. The main business logics are hosted in the two applications in the web server. Because mapping is an area that there are many requirements related to client side interactions with the graphic content of the application, application logics are partitioned based on the most appropriate location to execute them. Some are located on the client browsers to provide instantaneous feedback to the user. The general system operation flow involves the following: Data updates from various sources such as the CHART II CORBA events, EORS data inputs, device and event editing modules are stored in the databases. We will write a custom essay sample on Management system or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . When a mapping application receives a mapping request, it sends the image map generation request to the ArcIMS map server. The ArcIMS server retrieves the map data from the databases and creates a rendering of the map and saves it as a raster image file. The mapping application generates HTML pages embedded with the image and sends it to the browser client. 3. For the CHART Intranet mapping client, the application also generates the dynamic content in VML format, which encodes the device and event information in vector format. This enables the application to update the dynamic data without having to reload the whole map image. This avoids the heavy load on the map server when the application scales up. 4. When the images and VML data arrives at the client browser, the client displays the map to the user. The user can interact with this data on the client. 2. 2 SQL Server and ArcSDE ArcSDE from ESRI allows managing of geographic information in commercial databases such as SQL Server, Oracle, DB2 and Informix. ArcSDE provides functionalities to efficiently store and retrieve spatial information using spatial indexing mechanisms. ArcSDE provides a set of API and administrative utilities that help manage the spatial data storage. For the CHART mapping systems, the combination of ArcSDE and SQL Server manages the spatial information in the relational database. ArcSDE adds spatial functionalities without disrupting standard SQL database capabilities. 2. 3 Map Server (ArcIMS) ArcIMS includes a few components that will play important roles in the CHART mapping application. The workhorse component that processes the data and generates maps is the spatial server. Managing the spatial servers is the ArcIMS Application Server, which monitors each spatial server’s activity and brokers map requests to the least busy spatial server. The detailed interaction of a map request is as the following: When the ASP. Net page receives a map request, it parses it and uses the ActiveX Connector object model to construct a map request. The connector then sends the map request in ArcXML format to the Application Server. The Application Server then finds the least busy spatial server and forwards the map request to it. The spatial server performs the query against the ArcSDE database, retrieves the data and renders them into a raster image file. The location of the file is then sent back to the connector and the ASP. Net page writes it back to the client as HTML page with the image embedded in it. 2. 4 Web Server (IIS) . Net Framework and ASP. Net The web server hosts and publishes content to the client browser. In the case of the CHART mapping applications, most of the content is dynamic content generated by ASP. Net modules. When IIS recognizes a page being an ASP. Net module (an aspx extension), it passes the request to the . Net Framework to load the module and handle the request. The ASP. Net pages are then loaded into memory and executed. The . Net Framework provides many utilities such as garbage collection, tracing, just-in-time compilation that manages the execution of ASP. Net modules. The ASP. Net page modules are where the CHART mapping application logic is coded. The web server also provides security via the Secured Socket Layer (SSL), allowing interactions between the user’s browser and the web server to be encrypted when necessary. . 5 Security 2. 5. 1 Network Level Security Network layer security will be managed by the network security configurations like firewall and RSA secure ID. 2. 5. 2 Secured Socket Layer (SSL) MDOT has a certificate server to provide digital certificates for the SSL configuration. The server name must remain consistent with the certificate. All links shall use the same server name, otherwise, if the server is referred using an IP address or a local server name, etc. , the user will see an alert indicating the certificate is in-consistent with the resource. IIS supports the configuration of one folder in the web application requiring SSL while other portion does not. The session information remains consistent between SSL portion of the web site and the non-SSL portion. 2. 5. 3 Enterprise User Enters Read-Only View Many of the CHART mapping functionalities are for display and reviewing data, i. e. a read-only view. The design allows enterprise viewers and CHART users to access the read-only portion of the web site without having to input user name and password. This also enables CHART users to reach the viewing area without having to enter their login information again. When system receives a user request to enter the secured area, the system checks whether the current session has been authenticated. If not, system displays login screen. The user shall enter their CHART user name and password. Upon receipt of the user name and password, the system checks it against the CHART II database’s user tables. If they are authenticated, the system stores the user information in the session. The session will be managed in the server until the configured timeout expires. All subsequent requests from the same user session will inherit the same authorization information for the user. 2. 5. 4 CHART User Enters Editing Area Other applications, like future versions of CHART II and CHART Lite, can launch the map editing URL via the HTTPS protocol. The user name and password can be sent via https request. The system verifies their authentication information against the CHART II user database using an OLEDB/ODBC connection. If the authentication information is correct, the system will store this information in the session. The user will be redirected to the map page. If the authentication is rejected, the user request will be redirected to the login screen to reenter the authentication information. Associating a CHART user with an op-center/default map view area: Based on CHART II R1B3 database design, users are not associated with an op-center; rather, the user specifies an op-center during logon. In order to display a default map view area based on an op-center, an external application launching the CHART mapping application will also need to pass in the operation center name to initialize the map to the associated extent. Passing user name and password in URL request: The mapping site shall have a module that verifies the user name and password, then forward the page to the map page, hence avoiding showing the password on URL address box. At the current time, without the full integration with CHART II and CHART Lite, the system will expect plain text user name and password. In the future, an encryption/decryption algorithms agreed between the systems can be added to achieve higher security. 2. 5. 5 EORS Security Currently, the EORS security has not been implemented. EORS functions will be hard-coded with security configuration. 3. Network Configuration The design above depicts CHART network configuration as the Internal network, a Demilitarization Zone (DMZ) network for hosting the web server and connecting out to the external Internet network. There will be two firewalls, one between the Internet and the DMZ network and another one between the DMZ network and the internal network. The map server and database servers are to be hosted in the internal network for maximum security. The initial configuration calls for two physical computers to host the map servers and database servers. In the future, if the system needs to scale up, additional physical servers can be added. The Intranet web server can optionally be hosted on the load-balanced virtual server too. 3. 1. 1 Map Server Load Balancing The design achieves load balancing by a combination of Windows 2000 Advanced Server Network Load Balancing (NLB) Service and the ArcIMS Application Server. The system utilizes two physical server computers. The two servers are configured with NLB. NLB works on the TCP/IP level. Any incoming traffic from web server to the virtual server IP address is load balanced between the two application servers by NLB. ArcIMS Application Server operates at the application level, monitoring each spatial server’s load and operation. When a spatial server is busy, it directs the map request to idling spatial server(s). Each physical map server hosts one ArcIMS Application Server and two ArcIMS Spatial Server instances. An application server failure forces NLB to direct new connections to the remaining application server. When the failed server is recovered, new client connections should once again be shared between the two servers. The two spatial server instances are â€Å"cross registered† to the application servers. As shown in the diagram, Spatial Server A1 and A2 are registered to Application Server B and A correspondingly. This arrangement ensures that when a spatial server is down, the application server can still utilize the spatial server from the other server to serve the map request and the application server continue to function. Also, this configuration also allows ArcIMS to load balance at the Spatial Server level as opposed to just the network traffic level, which is what NLB provides. This configuration can withstand an Application Server failure, a Spatial Server failure, a simultaneous Application/Spatial Server failure or hardware failure of one of the physical map servers. Using two map servers with network load balancing should provide high-availability load balanced ArcIMS web site. 3. 1. 2 Database Load Balancing By running two SQL Server and ArcSDE instances with NLB to balance the load, the system can achieve high availability at the database server layer. The database servers are completely independent and share no hardware components. This type of availability is achievable with the standard edition of SQL Server. The two database servers are setup with Transactional replication. One of the two SQL Servers is configured as the publisher and the other one as a subscriber. All the data modification such as insert, delete and update will be performed on the publisher and changes are replicated to the subscriber. Transactional replication can provide very low latency to Subscribers. Subscribers receiving data using a push subscription usually receive changes from the Publisher within one minute or sooner, provided that the network link and adequate processing resources are available (latency of a few seconds can often be achieved). When the web server and map server requests use the virtual IP address on the load-balanced group of database servers, they are directed to the database server with the least amount of load. If one of the database servers goes down due to hardware failure, NLB detects that this server is down and no longer directs database requests to this machine. The remaining machine handles the database requests and apart from a slight drop in performance the users are unaware that a database server has failed. When the hardware is fixed the offending machine can be brought back online. One limitation exists for this design. It happens when the publisher database is down. In this situation the data updates cannot be committed until the publisher database comes back. But at the same time, all read access from the Internet and Intranet server could still be directed to the secondary server. In the case when the publisher data is going to be down for extended time period, system configuration need to allow system administrator to change the configuration so that the replica will serve as the main database. Compared with clustering solution, this system design provides the maximum database availability and performance benefit. The databases that need to be replicated would include: 1. Background map database. Background map data does not change often. A snapshot replication is sufficient for replicating data updates in one database to the other. 2. CHART/EORS Spatial Database CHART/EORS spatial database stores CHART and EORS device and event information with spatial data. They are dynamically updated throughout the day. Transactional replication will be setup to ensure that data change in one database gets replicated to the other one. 3. SDE metadata. In general, the system can continue to provide access of map and data to both the Internet and Intranet users in the case of failure of any one component in the system. The only exception is that when the publisher database is down, the new data cannot be updated into the system. Users will get delayed information. 3. 1. 3 DMZ Configuration CHART is currently implementing a Demilitarization Zone (DMZ) network to enhance the network security. This entails creating a separate network for the web server computer(s) and separating it from the internal network with a firewall. In an ideal world, the DMZ would have no physical connection to the internal network. This would require two separate map server setups to serve the Internet and Intranet users. The recommended way to implement is to disallow any access from the DMZ to the internal network, but allow access from the internal network to the DMZ. In other words, allow out-bound connections. On each of the ArcIMS server computers, mount a network drive to a shared drive on the Web server. Each ArcIMS spatial server would write the output raster image files to the location on the web server to be delivered to the Internet client browsers. 4. Database Organization To reduce the dependency and operation interference between the spatial data and the attribute data, the EORS spatial database and CHART spatial database will be created as two SQL Server databases. To reduce the performance overhead when joining data between the spatial and attribute data, the EORS spatial database will reside on the same database server(s) as the EORS database. Technical Challenges 5. 1 Map Display Mechanism CHART Intranet mapping application requires that changes in event and device data be reflected on all map clients in a near-real-time fashion (within 5 seconds). To do so via the traditional raster map publishing mechanism will result in all clients retrieving updated map every 5 seconds or at least when event/device status update requires a new map to be generated. When there is large number of users of the system, it will result in a high map server load in a concentrated short time period. To resolve this issue, the project team reviewed various technical approaches and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages as the following: 5. 1. 1 Raster (JPEG, GIF or PNG) Image This is a popular approach that utilizes the basic image display functionality of web browsers. It utilizes the server processing power efficiently. The disadvantages are that the images have limited client side intelligence, leaving most of the computation concentrated on the server. It’s capability of handling large number of concurrent map requests is limited. Generally, one map server can support 4-8 requests per second. For CHART’s situation, when an event changes status, if a new map image needs to be generated, it would be about 40 requests per second (200 users at 5 second update interval). Many servers will be required to support the load. With the license fee involved with using GIF format, we will not use GIF for map publishing. Compared with JPG format, PNG graphics do not have the â€Å"bleeding† effect inherent with the JPEG compression algorithm. With the map displaying lines rather than continuous tone images, it is much cleaner. PNG also results in a smaller file, which translates into faster download times for client. The only JPG advantage is server side image generation times. It is recommended to utilize PNG for the Intranet application to produce highest quality images for standardized IE browser while utilizing JPG for the Internet to allow for support of as many browsers as possible. Also, the reduction in image processing time should deliver better web image generation performance. 5. 1. 2 XML Based Vector Graphics 5. 1. 2. 1 Vector Markup Language (VML) VML is a XML based W3C standard in describing vector graphics. Basically, it encodes the vector coordinates of points, lines and polygons in XML format. The support of VML is included in Internet Explorer 5. 0 and later. There is no download needed to display VML encoded vector graphics. It also has built-in support for style sheet and scripting. This makes it possible to modify the display properties and positions of the vector graphics using the JavaScript on the client-side browser. Using this functionality, we can dynamically update the display of devices and events. 5. 1. 2. 2 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) Scalable Vector Graphics is another XML-based W3C standard format for vector graphics. Compared with VML, it requires Java or ActiveX based plug-in to be displayed. Also, based on review of the plug-ins (SVG Viewer by Adobe), there is not as much support for scripting as for VML. 5. 1. 3 ArcIMS Java Viewer ArcIMS includes a Java Viewer, which provides a Java Applet that can be customized to a certain extent to display vector encoded GIS data on the client side. It requires a download to the client. The Java Viewer reads vector data from ArcIMS feature server encoded using an ESRI proprietary compression format, which makes it difficult to implement special features such as WSMS offsetted road networks because they need to be offset dynamically based on map scale. 5. 1. 4 MapObjects Java MapObjects Java from ESRI provides a set of Java-based objects for GIS functionalities. It has an extensive set of functionality that can satisfy the requirements. But, it requires a license fee of $100/seat, or comparable server-based licensing. It also requires a download to client machine to run it. 5. 1. 5 Summary Based on the research above, the project team recommends the following design: Use raster map for background map display (background data with SHA grid map are often large amount of data, suitable for server side processing) Use XML data format to transport the device and event data from server to browser client. Use JavaScript to create and update the VML vector data elements to display the dynamic layers including all the CHART/EORS devices and events. The diagram above illustrates the map display mechanism: 1. Map server reads the spatial data from background database and sends the published map image to the client browser to be displayed as background. 2. Device and event information is broadcasted from the CHART II system in the form of CORBA events. 3. CORBA event listener receives the event broadcast and saves the data into CHART spatial database. 4. CHART/EORS device and event data are published in XML format to the client. Client browser parses the XML into a XML Document Object Model (DOM) using the XML parser. 5. The client browser then iterate through the DOM tree structure and create corresponding VML elements based on the XML device and event data. The VML elements are displayed on the top of the background raster map image. 6. At a pre-configured interval, the browser client retrieves update of device and event data from the IIS server in XML format and update the VML display based on the updated information. 5. Automated Refresh of Device and Event Data CHART/EORS device and event information needs to be updated at a pre-configured interval. They should be updated separate from the background map to reduce the load on the map server. The technical approach to achieve this will be to use a hidden frame to send the request to retrieve updated device and event data and receive the response. The response will package the dat a in XML file to be parsed into a document object model (DOM) and display the data on map. The request can be to retrieve all data or only retrieve data newer than last retrieval. When the new device/event is received and it requires changing the display of the device/events, the style assignment for the elements can be changed to update the device and event display. The VML elements will be sent using real-world coordinates (Maryland State Plane 1983). After the data has been retrieved to the client side, the VML map layers can be dynamically projected using the â€Å"local coordinate space†. When user zooms or pan the map, the VML will be projected using the updated coordinates to fit the new map extent without going back to the server to retrieve new data set. 5. 3 Inter-Frame Client Script Synchronization The map page has a few frames and the browser loads them asynchronously. Scripts in one frame may call scripts in another frame that may not have been loaded. The approach to resolve this is to add client-side exception handling and verification routine to ensure that the script is called always after the frame is loaded. 5. 4 Assigning and Editing Event Location The dynamic nature of VML elements in the browser allows adding and modifying VML elements by scripting. When the user clicks or drags the mouse on the map, client-side script manages the transformation of screen coordinates and real-world map coordinates. The coordinates are sent back to the server’s secured URL where the information is extracted and saved to the database. 5. 5 Scalability The CHART mapping application serves not only the Intranet users, but also Internet browser clients. During emergency situations, the load on both the Internet and Intranet servers could get extremely high. The system must be able to scale up to serve large amount of users. The technical approach to solve this issue involves two main facets. As described in the network configuration section, the system will employ network load balancing and allows adding additional hardware in the future. The system should also be able to utilize the caching feature of IIS and ASP. Net to scale up without significantly increase hardware investment. ASP. Net allows caching configuration for individual page modules, such as whether the page is cached and how long it is cached. After the application is deployed, these caching settings can be configured on the web pages. For example, if it is determined that the Internet mapping can be up to 3 seconds late, by setting caching time to 3 seconds, all requests from the Internet will receive a cached response without creating additional load on the map and database server. . Exception Management and Recovery CHART II keeps its clients updated via a push model using the CORBA Event Service. The Event Service does not guarantee delivery; therefore it is possible for event data to be lost/dropped (although in practice, this is rare). To account for this possibility, the CHART Web Event Listener will refresh its information about the status of devices and traffic events from CHART II at a configurable interval. Also, each time the Event Listener is started, it will retrieve all relevant data from CHART II. Thus, the update model becomes a push model with an occasional pull to be safe. This process will be used to recover from the following situations: 1. The Event Listener was down and did not receive new data from CHART II. 2. CHART II CORBA event(s) occasionally dropped while the Event Listener is up and running. Another likely scenario is that the CHART II server or service(s) restart. After a typical restart, the CORBA Event Service CORBA objects will be recreated with the same characteristics allowing the Event Listener to continue to automatically receive CHART II CORBA events. As the CHART II services will not be processing events during this time, no events are likely to be missed. Therefore, the Event Listener does not need to do anything special to handle a CHART II server or service(s) restart. Sometimes CHART II maintenance will require that new (and different) Event Service CORBA objects be created. This might happen during a CHART II upgrade, for example. In this case, the Event Listener will need to be restarted so that it can pick up the new objects. Since this type of maintenance does not occur often and the Event Listener restarting is fast, the restart can be handled as part of the CHART II upgrade procedures. 5. Integration with ASP Code in EORS and CHART Web Application The CHART Intranet Mapping, replacing the existing EORS mapping application, will still be launched as a separate window by a URL string with a few parameters identifying the district, view type, etc. The impact on EORS web application should be limited to modifying the URL links. The current CHART Internet Mapping site uses â€Å"include† statement to include site navigation pages from upper level CHART web site’s pages. When upgrading Internet Mapping to ASP. Net, â€Å"include† statement is no longer used. Instead, a ServerXMLHTTP request can be formulated to request the text from the included ASP page and merge them into the mapping ASP. Net pages. The limitation of this implementation would be that the ASP. Net application couldn’t share the session and application variables from the ASP application. Currently, there are only a couple of them, such as database connection string. The ASP. Net mapping application will maintain a separate set of application variables. 6. User Interface Design 6. 1 Intranet Map Site User Interface Design Here following is a high-level frame structure for the Intranet mapping site: 1. AppFrame is the highest-level frame that includes all the child frames. On the top of the page, there will be the title frame, which will host the CHART icon. Also inside the title frame will be a group of tabs, such as Traffic, Roadway Weather, Message Sign, etc. 2. ToolsFrame hosts the map navigation and other map related tools. The ToolsFrame will also host menu system that allows the user to bring up data and other detailed information. 3. HiddenFrame will be used to submit and receive information from the server. 4. ContentFrame is further divided to a map frame on the left and a data frame on the right. The user shall be able rearrange the frame boundary to give more space to the map or data area. Data frame will display data as well as legend, layer control and other items when needed. 5. PromptFrame will display the current tool selected and instructions for user activities. Here is a screen shot of the preliminary user interface design.